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Split octal

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Binary_splitting" title="Binary splitting">Binary splitting</a>.</div>

Syllabic octal and split octal are two similar notations for 8-bit and 16-bit <a href="Octal_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Octal number">octal numbers</a>, respectively, used in some historical contexts.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syllabic_octal">Syllabic octal</h2></div>

Syllabic octal is an 8-bit octal <a href="Number_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Number representation">number representation</a> that was used by <a href="English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> in conjunction with their <a href="English_Electric_KDF9" title="English Electric KDF9">KDF9</a> machine in the mid-1960s.

Although the word '<a href="Byte" title="Byte">byte</a>' had been coined by the designers of the <a href="IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030 Stretch</a> for a group of eight <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bits</a>, it was not yet well known, and English Electric used the word '<a href="Syllable_(computing)" title="Syllable (computing)">syllable</a>' for what is now called a byte.

<a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine code</a> programming used an unusual form of <a href="Octal" title="Octal">octal</a>, known locally as 'bastardized octal'. It represented 8 bits with three octal digits but the first digit represented only the two most-significant bits (with values 0..3), whilst the others the remaining two groups of three bits (with values 0..7) each.<a href="#cite_note-Detmer_2014-1">[1]</a> A more polite colloquial name was 'silly octal', derived from the official name which was syllabic octal<a href="#cite_note-EE_Director-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Listing-3">[3]</a> (also known as 'slob-octal' or 'slob' notation,<a href="#cite_note-Beard_1997-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCS_2009-5">[5]</a>).

This 8-bit notation was similar to the later 16-bit split octal notation.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Split_octal">Split octal</h2></div>

Split octal is an unusual address notation used by <a href="Heathkit" title="Heathkit">Heathkit</a>'s PAM8 and portions of <a href="HDOS" title="HDOS">HDOS</a> for the <a href="Heathkit_H8" title="Heathkit H8">Heathkit H8</a> in the late 1970s (and sometimes up to the present).<a href="#cite_note-McManis_2016-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC_1964-7">[7]</a> It was also used by <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC).

Following this convention, 16-bit addresses were split into two 8-bit numbers printed separately in octal, that is base 8 on 8-bit boundaries: the first memory location was "000.000" and the memory location after "000.377" was "001.000" (rather than "000.400").

In order to distinguish numbers in split-octal notation from ordinary 16-bit octal numbers, the two digit groups were often separated by a slash (/),<a href="#cite_note-Ciarcia_1977-8">[8]</a> dot (.),<a href="#cite_note-Poduska_1979-9">[9]</a> colon (:),<a href="#cite_note-Miller_1981-10">[10]</a> comma (,),<a href="#cite_note-Santore_1978-11">[11]</a> hyphen (-),<a href="#cite_note-Belt-12">[12]</a> or hash mark (#).<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2019-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrews_2020-14">[14]</a>

Most <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> and <a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> used either straight octal (where 377 is followed by 400) or <a href="Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>. With the introduction of the optional HA8-6 <a href="Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Z80</a> processor replacement for the <a href="Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> board, the front-panel keyboard got a new set of labels and hexadecimal notation was used instead of octal.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace_2011-15">[15]</a>

Through tricky number alignment the <a href="HP-16C" title="HP-16C">HP-16C</a> and other <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> <a href="Reverse_Polish_notation" title="Reverse Polish notation">RPN</a> calculators supporting <a href="Base_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Base conversion">base conversion</a> can implicitly support numbers in split octal as well.<a href="#cite_note-Roland_2021-16">[16]</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_SQUOZE" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM SQUOZE">IBM SQUOZE</a></li>

<li><a href="Od_(Unix)" title="Od (Unix)">od</a> – Unix octal dump utility</li>

<li><a href="DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">DEC RADIX 50</a></li>

<li><a href="Squawk_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Squawk code">Squawk code</a></li>

<li><a href="Segment%3Aoffset_addressing_(x86)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segment:offset addressing (x86)">Segment:offset addressing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDetmer2015" class="citation book cs1">Detmer, Richard C. (2015) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qUdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233">"Chapter 7.2. Shift and Rotate Instructions"</a>. Introduction to 80x86 Assembly Language and Computer Architecture (3 ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts, USA: <a href="Jones_%26_Bartlett_Learning%2C_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC">Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC</a> / <a href="Ascend_Learning_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascend Learning Company">Ascend Learning Company</a>. pp. 223–233 [233]. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-284-03612-1</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2013034084">2013034084</a>. Retrieved 2023-10-17.</cite> (348 pages) (NB. The author confuses the 16-bit split octal with the 8-bit syllabic octal notation.)

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<li id="cite_note-EE_Director-2"><a href="#cite_ref-EE_Director_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/KDF9/directorManuals/20090803114911646.pdf">Director - Manual</a> (PDF) (Flowchart). KDF 8. <a href="English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a>. c. 1960s. pp. 40–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727222921/http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/KDF9/directorManuals/20090803114911646.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-27.</cite> (10 pages) (NB. Mentions the term "syllabic octal".)

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<li id="cite_note-Listing-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Listing_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/KDF9/kapics/KAB95.pdf">"KAB95--04---"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016214536/http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/KDF9/kapics/KAB95.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2023-10-16.</cite> (8 pages) (NB. Mentions the term "syllabic octal".)

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<li id="cite_note-Beard_1997-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Beard_1997_4-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBeard1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Beard, Bob (Autumn 1997) [1996-10-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/Archive/Resurrection/pdf/res18.pdf">"The KDF9 Computer — 30 Years On"</a> (PDF). <a href="Resurrection_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection (magazine)">Resurrection</a> - The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society. No. 18. <a href="Computer_Conservation_Society" title="Computer Conservation Society">Computer Conservation Society</a> (CCS). pp. 7–15 [9, 11]. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403">0958-7403</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140754/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/Archive/Resurrection/pdf/res18.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-27.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427075718/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res18.htm#c">[1]</a> (NB. This is an edited version of a talk given to North West Group of the Society at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester, UK on 1996-10-01. It mentions the term "slob" and "slob-octal" as equivalent to "syllabic octal".)

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<li id="cite_note-CCS_2009-5"><a href="#cite_ref-CCS_2009_5-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/ccs-n2x2.pdf">"Architecture of the English Electric KDF9 computer"</a> (PDF). Version 1. <a href="Computer_Conservation_Society" title="Computer Conservation Society">Computer Conservation Society</a> (CCS). September 2009. CCS-N4X2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404195007/http://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/ccs-n2x2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2020-07-27.</cite> (NB. Refers to Beard's 1997 <a href="#Beard-1997">article</a>.)

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<li id="cite_note-McManis_2016-6"><a href="#cite_ref-McManis_2016_6-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcManis2016" class="citation web cs1">McManis, Chuck (2016-12-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13140527">"As I recall some DEC utilities supported 'split octal' which was base 8 on 8 bit boundaries"</a>. Hacker News: Combinator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727003857/https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13140527">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2022-07-17.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-CDC_1964-7"><a href="#cite_ref-CDC_1964_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/809x/IDP107a_8092pgmRef_1964.pdf">Control Data 8092 TeleProgrammer: Programming Reference Manual</a> (PDF). Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: <a href="Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a>. 1964. IDP 107a. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525053524/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/809x/IDP107a_8092pgmRef_1964.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2020-07-27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Ciarcia_1977-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Ciarcia_1977_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCiarcia1977" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="Steve_Ciarcia" title="Steve Ciarcia">Ciarcia, Steve</a> (September 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vintageapple.org/byte/pdf/197709_Byte_Magazine_Vol_02-09_Music_and_Computers.pdf">"Control the World! (Or at Least a Few Analog Points)"</a> (PDF). <a href="BYTE_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE (magazine)">BYTE</a> – the small systems journal. Vol. 2, no. 9. Glastonbury, Connecticut, USA: <a href="BYTE_Publications_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE Publications Inc.">BYTE Publications Inc.</a> pp. 30, 32, 34, 36, 38–40, 42–43, 156–158, 160–161 [157–158]. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5280">0360-5280</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720194118/https://vintageapple.org/byte/pdf/197709_Byte_Magazine_Vol_02-09_Music_and_Computers.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2020-07-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Poduska_1979-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Poduska_1979_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPoduska1979" class="citation magazine cs1">Poduska, Paul R. (March 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Byte/70s/Byte-1979-03.pdf">"Building the Heath H8 Computer"</a> (PDF). <a href="BYTE_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE (magazine)">BYTE</a> – the small systems journal. Vol. 4, no. 3. Nashua, New Hampshire, USA: <a href="BYTE_Publications_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE Publications Inc.">BYTE Publications Inc.</a> pp. 12–13, 124–130, 132–134, 136–138, 140 [129, 138]. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5280">0360-5280</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708173537/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Byte/70s/Byte-1979-03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2020-07-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Miller_1981-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1981_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMiller1981" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Alan R. (1981) [June 1980]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/8080_and_Z-80_Assembly_Language_Techniques_1981_John_Wiley_and_Sons/8080_and_Z-80_Assembly_Language_Techniques_1981_John_Wiley_and_Sons_djvu.txt">The 8080/Z-80 Assembly Language: Techniques for Improved Programming</a> (1 ed.). New York, USA: <a href="John_Wiley_%26_Sons%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-08124-8</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80-21492">80-21492</a>. ark:/13960/t4zg8792b. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-08124-1</bdi>. Retrieved 2022-07-17.</cite> (1+x+319+2 pages)

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<li id="cite_note-Santore_1978-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Santore_1978_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSantore1978" class="citation book cs1">Santore, Ron (1978). 8080 Machine Language Programming for Beginners. dp Series in Software. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Portland, Oregon, USA: Dilithium Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-91839814-2</bdi>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-91839814-7</bdi>. <q>[…] 000,376 […] 000,377 […] 001,000 […] 001,001 […]</q></cite> (112 pages)

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<li id="cite_note-Belt-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Belt_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBelt" class="citation book cs1">Belt, Forest. "39. Split-Octal Concept". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://f01.justanswer.com/LVyCWET7/b0802.pdf">Introduction to number systems</a> (PDF). Computer Diagnostics. pp. 48–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731211259/https://f01.justanswer.com/LVyCWET7/b0802.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2020-07-31.</cite> (iv+56 pages)

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<li id="cite_note-Johnson_2019-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2019_13-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Herbert "Herb" R. (2019-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retrotechnology.com/restore/a8008.html">"A8008 8008 (1975) cross-assembler A8008 8008 (1975) cross-assembler"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207034842/http://www.retrotechnology.com/restore/a8008.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2020-07-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Andrews_2020-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_2020_14-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAndrews2020" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Craig (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9v2OiicrzrQ">"{31} Binary, Decimal Octal, Split Octal, and HEX"</a>. Bits Of The Golden Age (Educational video). Retrieved 2022-07-17.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Wallace_2011-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_2011_15-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWallace2011" class="citation web cs1">Wallace, Dave (2011-07-23) [2001-09-29, 2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723052102/http://davidwallace2000.home.comcast.net/~davidwallace2000/h8/technical.htm#z80%20cpu">"H-8 Technical details"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidwallace2000.home.comcast.net/~davidwallace2000/h8/technical.htm#z80%20cpu">the original</a> on 2011-07-23.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Roland_2021-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Roland_2021_16-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRoland57Garnier2021" class="citation web cs1">Roland57; Garnier, Jean François (2021-12-02) [2021-12-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-17777-post-154980.html">"hp16 and split octal conversion"</a>. The Museum of HP Calculators (MoHPC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717073142/https://www.hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-17777-post-154980.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-17. Retrieved 2022-07-17. <q>[…] Before you write a program on the <a href="HP-16C" title="HP-16C">hp16</a> to do the conversion, just put a zero between the two bytes, e.g. A9oC2 hex. Conversion to octal gives 251o302, the split octal value (with "o" als the digit zero to separate the two bytes). Same works for octal to hex. 377o377 octal to hex gives FFoFF […] Also usable on other machines with base conversion such as the <a href="HP-32S" title="HP-32S">32S</a>/<a href="HP-32SII" class="mw-redirect" title="HP-32SII">SII</a>, the <a href="HP-42S" title="HP-42S">42S</a> or the <a href="HP-41C" title="HP-41C">41C</a> with Advantage ROM. It works because 3 hex digits are 12 bits, exactly 4 oct digits. […]</q></cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPeacock1998" class="citation web cs1">Peacock, Jack (1998-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/cctalk/1998-April/1065.html">"Split Octal (was RE: 8080 Trainer - more info)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016223008/http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/cctalk/1998-April/1065.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2023-10-16.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altairclone.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=264#">"Giving octal a try"</a>. AltairClone. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016222829/https://altairclone.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=264">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2023-10-16.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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